Research

a picture of Ludwig Wittgenstein

Below you can find a complete list of my books, edited collections, published articles, selected reviews, and unpublished articles and talks.

My favorite philosopher is Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). Most of my research since 1990 has been about him. Time magazine, in 1999, named him one of the top 25 thinkers of the Twentieth Century. A poll of philosophers in 2009 named him the “most important philosopher of the past 200 years.” At right is a rather poor picture of him, taken in 1939 in the Fellows Garden of Trinity College, Cambridge. In the right column of this page I trace my life with Wittgenstein.

Books

  • Wittgenstein in Exile, MIT Press, 2011; Kindle Edition, September 2011; second printing, with corrections, February, 2013; paperback edition, January 2014. Persian edition: ویتگنشتاین در تبعید , translated by Ehsan Sanaei including interview with author, نشر ققنوس (i.e. Phoenix Publishing), September 2015.
  • Simply Wittgenstein, Simply Charly Books, Kindle Edition June 2016, paperback edition July 2016, and audio edition March 2017.
  • Wittgenstein's Artillery: Philosophy as Poetry, MIT Press, 2021. 
  • Tractatus in Context: The Essential Background for Appreciating Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Routledge, 2022. 
Cover of Tractatus in Context Cover of Wittengensein's Artillery

 

Edited Collections

  • Methods of Interpreting Plato and His Dialogues, Oxford University Press, 1992: Supplementary Volume to Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, co-edited with Nicholas Smith.
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Occasions: 1912–1951, co-edited with Alfred Nordmann, Hackett Publishing Co., 1993 (2nd printing, with corrections, 1994; Spanish translation, 1997; French translation, 2000–2005; Chinese translation, 2003; 3rd printing, with corrections, 2010. This 3rd printing contains important improvements to the editing of Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Frazer, based largely on comments from Andrzej Orzechowski and Alois Pichler).
  • Wittgenstein: Biography and Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein, Public and Private Occasions, co-edited with Alfred Nordmann, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. 
  • Ludwig Wittgenstein, Movements of Thought: Ludwig Wittgenstein's Diary, 1930-1932 and 1936-1937, co-edited with Alfred Nordmann, with a new Introduction by Ray Monk, Rowman & Littlefield, 2023. (This is an updated edition of the translation first published in 2003 in Public and Private Occasions). 

Published Articles

  • “Convention T Regained,” Philosophical Studies, November, 1977, pp. 377–381.
  • “An Alleged Difficulty Concerning Moral Properties,” Mind, July, 1984, pp. 370–380; reprinted in Meta Ethics, edited by Michael Smith, The International Research Library of Philosophy Series, Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1995.
  • “Marx's Realms of 'Freedom' and 'Necessity',” Canadian Journal of Philosophy, December, 1986, pp. 769–777.
  • “Supervenience: Perspectives vs. Possible Worlds,” Philosophical Quarterly, July, 1987, pp. 312–315.
  • “Moral Realism and Dummett's Challenge,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, March 1988, pp. 545–551.
  • “Supervenience: Ontological and Ascriptive,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, December, 1988, pp. 461–470; reprinted in Supervenience, edited by Jaegwon Kim, The International Research Library of Philosophy Series, Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002.
  • “Wittgenstein and Neuroscience,” Synthese, March, 1989, pp. 319–343.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapters 7 & 9 of Wittgenstein in Exile.)
  • “The Good Old Days,” in Technological Transformation: Contextual and Conceptual Implications, edited by J. Pitt and E. Byrne, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989. (I never liked the subtitle the editors added to this, so I have deleted it.)  This paper reflects on the difficulties created by having too many choices.
  • “Davidson's Troubles with Supervenience,” Synthese, November, 1990, pp. 339–352.
  • “Rationalism, Supervenience, and Moral Epistemology,” Southern Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume, 1991, pp. 25–28.
  • “Editor's Prologue,” Methods of Interpreting Plato and His Dialogues, 1992, pp. 1–12.
  • “Supervenience: Model Theory or Metaphysics?” in Supervenience: New Essays, eds. U. Yalcin and E. Savellos, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • “An Unexplored Concept in Wittgenstein,” History of Philosophy Quarterly, October, 1995, pp. 469–486.  (The hitherto unexplored concept was "Besteht darin/Consisting in", which I proceed to explore.)  
  • “When Are Ideologies Irreconcilable? Case Studies in Diachronic Anthropology,” Philosophical Investigations, July, 1998, pp. 268–279.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 5 of Wittgenstein in Exile.)
  • “Wittgenstein's Community,” in Metaphysics in the Post-Metaphysical Age: Papers of the 22nd International Wittgenstein Symposium, vol. VII (1), eds., U. Meixner and P. Simons, Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, 1999. (The main points of this were used in Simply Wittgenstein, pp. 69-71, or pp. 72-75 in a later printing.)
  • “Wittgenstein on Non-Mediative Causality,” Journal of the History of Philosophy, October, 1999, pp. 653–667.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 8 of Wittgenstein in Exile.)
  • “The Wittgenstein Lectures,” in Public and Private Occasions, co-edited with Alfred Nordmann, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. (This paper documents my survey as of 2002 of Wittgenstein’s lectures. I have learned, and continue to learn, much more about his lecturing in the years since then. A 2019 updated and expanded version is published here.  See below for citation.)
  • “The Puzzle of Goethe's Influence on Wittgenstein,” in Goethe and Wittgenstein: Seeing the World's Unity in Its Variety, eds., F. Breithaupt, et. al, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2003.
  • “Wittgenstein in Exile,” in Religion and Wittgenstein's Legacy, ed. D.Z. Phillips, Ashgate, 2005.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapters 4 & 6 of Wittgenstein in Exile.)
  • “Das erloesende Wort,” Wittgenstein, Language and World, Part Two: Signs, Minds and Actions, eds. V. Munz, K. Puhl, and J.Wang, Frankfurt: Ontos-Verlag, 2010.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 10 of Wittgenstein in Exile.)
  • “U.S. Power after 9/11: The Metaphor of Exile,” Spectra (on-line journal), vol. 2, no. 1, November 2012: https://spectrajournal.org/articles/19/.
  • “Wittgenstein and His Audience: Esotericist or Evangelist?” in The Textual Genesis of Wittgenstein's Investigations, ed. N. Venturinha, Routledge, 2013.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 1 of Wittgenstein's Artillery.)
  • “Wittgenstein, Frazer and Temperament,” in Wittgenstein’s Remarks on Frazer: The Text and the Matter, edited by Lars Albinus, Josef G. F. Rothhaupt and Aidan Seery, de Gruyter Verlag, 2016.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 3 of Wittgenstein's Artillery.)
  • “Wittgenstein, Science and the Evolution of Concepts,” in Wittgenstein and Scientism, edited by Jonathan Beale and Ian James Kidd, Routledge, 2017. (The editors at the last minute introduced errors in some of the references in the endnotes, which I have corrected in the pdf posted here.)
  • “Wittgenstein and von Wright on Goodness,” in Philosophical Investigations, Vol. 41, no. 3, July 2018, pp. 291-303.
  • “Wittgenstein and His Students: 1929–1933,” in Wittgenstein in the 1930s: Between the Tractatus and the Investigations, edited by David Stern, Cambridge University Press, 2018.  (This reappears in much fuller form as Chapter 2 of Wittgenstein's Artillery.)
  • "The Wittgenstein Lectures, Revisited," The Nordic Wittgenstein Review, Vol. 8, nos. 1-2, December 2019, pp. 11-82.  
  • “Wittgenstein vs. Socrates: Wittgenstein and Plato,” in Greek and Contemporary Philosophies of Language Face to Face, ed. Begoña Ramón Cámara, Special Issue of JoLMA: The Journal for the Philosophy of Language, Mind, and the Arts, vol. 3, no. 1, June 2022, pp. 69-84.
  • "Tractatus in Context: Some Highlights," in Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, vol. 28: Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: 100 Years After the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, edited by Friedrich Stadler, Springer, 2023, pp. 53-66.
  • "Wittgenstein: War and Philosophy," in Salient Points: "The Brusilov Offensive," vol. 3, no. 14, February 2024, pp. 71-74.
  • “Is Wittgenstein Still an Analytic Philosopher?” in Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, vol. 29: Logic, Epistemology, and Scientific Theories - From Peano to the Vienna Circle, eds. Paola Cantù and Georg Schiemer, Springer, 2024, pp. 267-281. (Given as the 5th Arthur Pap Lecture on the History of Analytic Philosophy at the Vienna Circle Institute, November 2022.)
  • “The Fly Bottle and the Cave,” in Platonism, Part One: Essays on the Philosophy of Wittgenstein, Proceedings of the 43rd International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg, 2022, eds., J. Mácha and H. Hrachovec, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2024, pp. 305-319.
  • "Wasfi Hijab's Wittgenstein," in Wittgenstein and Other Philosophers: His Influence on Historical and Contemporary Analytic Philosophers, Volume II, edited by Ali Hossein Khani and Gary Kemp, Routledge, forthcoming 2026.
  • “Some Early Reactions to Wittgenstein’s Tractatus,” in 100 Years of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus — 70 Years after Wittgenstein’s Death. A Critical Assessment, Proceedings of the 44th International Ludwig Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg, 2023, eds., F. Stadler, E. Heinrich-Ramharter, and A. Pichler, Berlin: De Gruyter, 2025, pp. 145-164.  (Includes information on 8 reviews not included in Tractatus in Context.)

Selected Reviews

  • Review of R. Hursthouse, et. al., Virtues and Reasons: Philippa Foot and Moral Theory, Essays in Honour of Philippa Foot, in Ethics, July, 1997. (A review which has gained some notoriety for its comments on the essay by Wiggins, and in which I express some concerns about the process of editing book collections. In a blog post of April 10, 2006, about the meanest philosophical book reviews Kieran Setiya wrote: “I still think the funniest philosophical mean review is this one; see the paragraph on Wiggins at the end.” The offending paragraph is on p. 745 of my review.)
  • “The Difficulty Here is: to Stop”: Essay-Review of David Bloor, Wittgenstein, Rules and Institutions, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, Fall, 2000, pp. 551–557.
  • Review of Eugen Fischer, Philosophical Delusion and Its Therapy: Outline of a Philosophical Revolution, co-authored with Walter Ott, British Wittgenstein Society BookNOTES, posted January 2014, 10pp.  
  • Review of Wittgenstein: Lectures, Cambridge, 1930–1933, From the Notes of G. E. Moore, edited by David G. Stern, Brian Rogers, and Gabriel Citron, Cambridge University Press, 2016, and Wittgenstein’s Whewell’s Court Lectures: Cambridge, 1938–1941, From the Notes by Yorick Smythies, edited by Volker Munz and Bernhard Ritter, Wiley Blackwell, 2017, Philosophy: Journal of the Royal Institute of Philosophy, Vol. 93, No. 365, July 2018, pp. 471-475. .

Unpublished Papers and Talks